The average cost for employers of a court case brought under the California Private Attorneys General Act was $1.1 million in 2021, according to the CABRIA Foundation. But the insurance policies that business owners would expect to cover legal costs, settlements and judgments for these claims may not provide much coverage.
PAGA allows an aggrieved employee to stand in the shoes of the California Labor and Workforce Development Agency to seek civil penalties against their employer on behalf of themselves, other employees, and the State of California for Labor Code violations. Many of the actions concern allegations of wage and hour infractions.
These claims can be costly for employers, including a potentially burdensome discovery process, as PAGA plaintiffs may request and receive a significant amount of information from the employer.
Claims typically allege wage and hour violations such as:
- Unpaid off-the-clock work during meal periods,
- Misclassification of employees as independent contractors, and
- Rounding employee time entries.
PAGA claims, however, are not limited to wage and hour claims. They can involve a multitude of labor law violations, including discrimination, retaliation and failure to protect the health and safety of employees.
Recent action
California employers did get a semblance of reprieve last year when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that employers can compel arbitrations for employee-initiated PAGA actions if they have signed arbitration agreements.
The court also held that if a plaintiff in a PAGA action is bound to arbitration, they automatically lose standing to prosecute claims on behalf of other “aggrieved” employees and remaining PAGA claims must be dismissed.
However, the court left one important question open: whether an employee compelled to arbitrate their individual PAGA claims loses standing under California law to pursue representative claims on behalf of other employees.
The California State Supreme Court is scheduled to hear a case to clear up this matter. If the judges rule that the case of an employee bound to arbitration can still proceed in court for the other employees they represent, it may render the U.S. Supreme Court ruling meaningless.
The insurance conundrum
That leaves employers in a difficult position in terms of their insurance coverage.
The first policy an employer would naturally turn to is their employment practices liability insurance (EPLI) since it is specifically designed to cover workplace actions by employees. The other policy they may consider tapping is their directors and officers (D&O) insurance.
However, EPLI policies typically exclude wage and hour claims (the most common PAGA claims), or they will impose significant limits on what they will pay out for such claims. Similarly, D&O policies for private companies also exclude wage and hour claims, and policies for publicly traded companies.
Additionally, most D&O and EPLI policies will not cover penalties, which is typically the way that PAGA awards are assessed. When employees sue under PAGA, they cannot seek lost wages or damages, rather they can only seek penalties.
One option is wage and hour insurance, which most likely would provide defense and indemnity coverage for PAGA claims that allege violations of wage and hour laws and regulations.
However, these policies are expensive and usually have quite high retentions, which could price out most smaller employers.